Abstract: | The failures of postindependence political structures in Africa led to attempts to find new models or the growth in unresponsive, unaccountable military or one-party, often one-man, rule. Populations protested periodically, but usually to little effect. However, between 1988 and 1991, the continent saw repeated outbursts of popular anger against economic decline, poverty and inefficient government. What seemed to have changed by the late 1980s was that a new generation of Africans was coming to the fore. This is one of the factors which led to the political evolution that is now underway. Other factors include the changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe; political, economic and social problems at home; pressure from foreign donors; and changes in economic forces brought about by donor policies. |