Small currency: blue shells and manillas

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Periodical article

Title:	Small currency: blue shells and manillas
Author:	Negri, Eve de
Year:	1969
Periodical:	Nigeria Magazine
Issue:	102
Pages:	504-511
Language:	English
Geographic term:	West Africa
Subjects:	cowrie currency mercantile history
Abstract:	Since prehistoric days the Cowrie-shell was believed to possess magic power. In Nigeria its mystical and symbolic as well as decorative elements may be seen in the use of Cowries as charms or Juju. The Yoruba have Cowries as the symbolic decoration for Esu (Elegbara), European traders amassed large fortunes by engaging in the Blue-shell or Cowrey trade. In the 11th century Cowries formed the main currency in the Sudan. Eventually this currency was recognized all over Africa. During the 19th century the value dropped to about a fourth or less of the original value, and eventually they became valueless. Before the use of Cowries as currency had spread to the interior places, rolls of cloth and certain units of a special cloth were used for buying goods in the markets. Eventually, Cowries and these rolls of cloth were used together. Names for Cowries in Nigeria: Bosjes or Boesies (Benin, 17th century, Dutch), Iguou (Benin, 15th century, Portuguese), Kurdi (Northern Nigeria). Manillas (Hand ring), a brass metal currency, were brought to Nigeria by the Portuguese. The value of the Cowrie in the 19th century is indicated. Ills.